iceberg/spec/
snapshot.rs

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14// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
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16// under the License.
17
18/*!
19 * Snapshots
20 */
21use std::collections::HashMap;
22use std::sync::Arc;
23
24use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
25use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
26use typed_builder::TypedBuilder;
27
28use super::table_metadata::SnapshotLog;
29use crate::error::{Result, timestamp_ms_to_utc};
30use crate::io::FileIO;
31use crate::spec::{ManifestList, SchemaId, SchemaRef, TableMetadata};
32use crate::{Error, ErrorKind};
33
34/// The ref name of the main branch of the table.
35pub const MAIN_BRANCH: &str = "main";
36/// Placeholder for snapshot ID. The field with this value must be replaced with the actual snapshot ID before it is committed.
37pub const UNASSIGNED_SNAPSHOT_ID: i64 = -1;
38
39/// Reference to [`Snapshot`].
40pub type SnapshotRef = Arc<Snapshot>;
41#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
42#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
43/// The operation field is used by some operations, like snapshot expiration, to skip processing certain snapshots.
44pub enum Operation {
45    /// Only data files were added and no files were removed.
46    Append,
47    /// Data and delete files were added and removed without changing table data;
48    /// i.e., compaction, changing the data file format, or relocating data files.
49    Replace,
50    /// Data and delete files were added and removed in a logical overwrite operation.
51    Overwrite,
52    /// Data files were removed and their contents logically deleted and/or delete files were added to delete rows.
53    Delete,
54}
55
56impl Operation {
57    /// Returns the string representation (lowercase) of the operation.
58    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
59        match self {
60            Operation::Append => "append",
61            Operation::Replace => "replace",
62            Operation::Overwrite => "overwrite",
63            Operation::Delete => "delete",
64        }
65    }
66}
67
68#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
69/// Summarises the changes in the snapshot.
70pub struct Summary {
71    /// The type of operation in the snapshot
72    pub operation: Operation,
73    /// Other summary data.
74    #[serde(flatten)]
75    pub additional_properties: HashMap<String, String>,
76}
77
78impl Default for Operation {
79    fn default() -> Operation {
80        Self::Append
81    }
82}
83
84#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
85/// Row range of a snapshot, contains first_row_id and added_rows_count.
86pub struct SnapshotRowRange {
87    /// The first _row_id assigned to the first row in the first data file in the first manifest.
88    pub first_row_id: u64,
89    /// The upper bound of the number of rows with assigned row IDs
90    pub added_rows: u64,
91}
92
93#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, TypedBuilder)]
94#[builder(field_defaults(setter(prefix = "with_")))]
95/// A snapshot represents the state of a table at some time and is used to access the complete set of data files in the table.
96pub struct Snapshot {
97    /// A unique long ID
98    pub(crate) snapshot_id: i64,
99    /// The snapshot ID of the snapshot’s parent.
100    /// Omitted for any snapshot with no parent
101    #[builder(default = None)]
102    pub(crate) parent_snapshot_id: Option<i64>,
103    /// A monotonically increasing long that tracks the order of
104    /// changes to a table.
105    pub(crate) sequence_number: i64,
106    /// A timestamp when the snapshot was created, used for garbage
107    /// collection and table inspection
108    pub(crate) timestamp_ms: i64,
109    /// The location of a manifest list for this snapshot that
110    /// tracks manifest files with additional metadata.
111    /// Currently we only support manifest list file, and manifest files are not supported.
112    #[builder(setter(into))]
113    pub(crate) manifest_list: String,
114    /// A string map that summarizes the snapshot changes, including operation.
115    pub(crate) summary: Summary,
116    /// ID of the table’s current schema when the snapshot was created.
117    #[builder(setter(strip_option(fallback = schema_id_opt)), default = None)]
118    pub(crate) schema_id: Option<SchemaId>,
119    /// Encryption Key ID
120    #[builder(default)]
121    pub(crate) encryption_key_id: Option<String>,
122    /// Row range of this snapshot, required when the table version supports row lineage.
123    /// Specify as a tuple of (first_row_id, added_rows_count)
124    #[builder(default, setter(!strip_option, transform = |first_row_id: u64, added_rows: u64| Some(SnapshotRowRange { first_row_id, added_rows })))]
125    // This is specified as a struct instead of two separate fields to ensure that both fields are either set or not set.
126    // The java implementations uses two separate fields, then sets `added_row_counts` to Null if `first_row_id` is set to Null.
127    // It throws an error if `added_row_counts` is set but `first_row_id` is not set, or if either of the two is negative.
128    // We handle all cases infallible using the rust type system.
129    pub(crate) row_range: Option<SnapshotRowRange>,
130}
131
132impl Snapshot {
133    /// Get the id of the snapshot
134    #[inline]
135    pub fn snapshot_id(&self) -> i64 {
136        self.snapshot_id
137    }
138
139    /// Get parent snapshot id.
140    #[inline]
141    pub fn parent_snapshot_id(&self) -> Option<i64> {
142        self.parent_snapshot_id
143    }
144
145    /// Get sequence_number of the snapshot. Is 0 for Iceberg V1 tables.
146    #[inline]
147    pub fn sequence_number(&self) -> i64 {
148        self.sequence_number
149    }
150    /// Get location of manifest_list file
151    #[inline]
152    pub fn manifest_list(&self) -> &str {
153        &self.manifest_list
154    }
155
156    /// Get summary of the snapshot
157    #[inline]
158    pub fn summary(&self) -> &Summary {
159        &self.summary
160    }
161    /// Get the timestamp of when the snapshot was created
162    #[inline]
163    pub fn timestamp(&self) -> Result<DateTime<Utc>> {
164        timestamp_ms_to_utc(self.timestamp_ms)
165    }
166
167    /// Get the timestamp of when the snapshot was created in milliseconds
168    #[inline]
169    pub fn timestamp_ms(&self) -> i64 {
170        self.timestamp_ms
171    }
172
173    /// Get the schema id of this snapshot.
174    #[inline]
175    pub fn schema_id(&self) -> Option<SchemaId> {
176        self.schema_id
177    }
178
179    /// Get the schema of this snapshot.
180    pub fn schema(&self, table_metadata: &TableMetadata) -> Result<SchemaRef> {
181        Ok(match self.schema_id() {
182            Some(schema_id) => table_metadata
183                .schema_by_id(schema_id)
184                .ok_or_else(|| {
185                    Error::new(
186                        ErrorKind::DataInvalid,
187                        format!("Schema with id {schema_id} not found"),
188                    )
189                })?
190                .clone(),
191            None => table_metadata.current_schema().clone(),
192        })
193    }
194
195    /// Get parent snapshot.
196    #[cfg(test)]
197    pub(crate) fn parent_snapshot(&self, table_metadata: &TableMetadata) -> Option<SnapshotRef> {
198        match self.parent_snapshot_id {
199            Some(id) => table_metadata.snapshot_by_id(id).cloned(),
200            None => None,
201        }
202    }
203
204    /// Load manifest list.
205    pub async fn load_manifest_list(
206        &self,
207        file_io: &FileIO,
208        table_metadata: &TableMetadata,
209    ) -> Result<ManifestList> {
210        let manifest_list_content = file_io.new_input(&self.manifest_list)?.read().await?;
211        ManifestList::parse_with_version(
212            &manifest_list_content,
213            // TODO: You don't really need the version since you could just project any Avro in
214            // the version that you'd like to get (probably always the latest)
215            table_metadata.format_version(),
216        )
217    }
218
219    #[allow(dead_code)]
220    pub(crate) fn log(&self) -> SnapshotLog {
221        SnapshotLog {
222            timestamp_ms: self.timestamp_ms,
223            snapshot_id: self.snapshot_id,
224        }
225    }
226
227    /// The row-id of the first newly added row in this snapshot. All rows added in this snapshot will
228    /// have a row-id assigned to them greater than this value. All rows with a row-id less than this
229    /// value were created in a snapshot that was added to the table (but not necessarily committed to
230    /// this branch) in the past.
231    ///
232    /// This field is optional but is required when the table version supports row lineage.
233    pub fn first_row_id(&self) -> Option<u64> {
234        self.row_range.as_ref().map(|r| r.first_row_id)
235    }
236
237    /// The total number of newly added rows in this snapshot. It should be the summation of {@link
238    /// ManifestFile#ADDED_ROWS_COUNT} for every manifest added in this snapshot.
239    ///
240    /// This field is optional but is required when the table version supports row lineage.
241    pub fn added_rows_count(&self) -> Option<u64> {
242        self.row_range.as_ref().map(|r| r.added_rows)
243    }
244
245    /// Returns the row range of this snapshot, if available.
246    /// This is a tuple containing (first_row_id, added_rows_count).
247    pub fn row_range(&self) -> Option<(u64, u64)> {
248        self.row_range
249            .as_ref()
250            .map(|r| (r.first_row_id, r.added_rows))
251    }
252
253    /// Get encryption key id, if available.
254    pub fn encryption_key_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
255        self.encryption_key_id.as_deref()
256    }
257}
258
259pub(super) mod _serde {
260    /// This is a helper module that defines types to help with serialization/deserialization.
261    /// For deserialization the input first gets read into either the [SnapshotV1] or [SnapshotV2] struct
262    /// and then converted into the [Snapshot] struct. Serialization works the other way around.
263    /// [SnapshotV1] and [SnapshotV2] are internal struct that are only used for serialization and deserialization.
264    use std::collections::HashMap;
265
266    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
267
268    use super::{Operation, Snapshot, Summary};
269    use crate::Error;
270    use crate::spec::SchemaId;
271    use crate::spec::snapshot::SnapshotRowRange;
272
273    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
274    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
275    /// Defines the structure of a v2 snapshot for serialization/deserialization
276    pub(crate) struct SnapshotV3 {
277        pub snapshot_id: i64,
278        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
279        pub parent_snapshot_id: Option<i64>,
280        pub sequence_number: i64,
281        pub timestamp_ms: i64,
282        pub manifest_list: String,
283        pub summary: Summary,
284        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
285        pub schema_id: Option<SchemaId>,
286        pub first_row_id: u64,
287        pub added_rows: u64,
288        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
289        pub key_id: Option<String>,
290    }
291
292    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
293    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
294    /// Defines the structure of a v2 snapshot for serialization/deserialization
295    pub(crate) struct SnapshotV2 {
296        pub snapshot_id: i64,
297        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
298        pub parent_snapshot_id: Option<i64>,
299        pub sequence_number: i64,
300        pub timestamp_ms: i64,
301        pub manifest_list: String,
302        pub summary: Summary,
303        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
304        pub schema_id: Option<SchemaId>,
305    }
306
307    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
308    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
309    /// Defines the structure of a v1 snapshot for serialization/deserialization
310    pub(crate) struct SnapshotV1 {
311        pub snapshot_id: i64,
312        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
313        pub parent_snapshot_id: Option<i64>,
314        pub timestamp_ms: i64,
315        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
316        pub manifest_list: Option<String>,
317        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
318        pub manifests: Option<Vec<String>>,
319        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
320        pub summary: Option<Summary>,
321        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
322        pub schema_id: Option<SchemaId>,
323    }
324
325    impl From<SnapshotV3> for Snapshot {
326        fn from(s: SnapshotV3) -> Self {
327            Snapshot {
328                snapshot_id: s.snapshot_id,
329                parent_snapshot_id: s.parent_snapshot_id,
330                sequence_number: s.sequence_number,
331                timestamp_ms: s.timestamp_ms,
332                manifest_list: s.manifest_list,
333                summary: s.summary,
334                schema_id: s.schema_id,
335                encryption_key_id: s.key_id,
336                row_range: Some(SnapshotRowRange {
337                    first_row_id: s.first_row_id,
338                    added_rows: s.added_rows,
339                }),
340            }
341        }
342    }
343
344    impl TryFrom<Snapshot> for SnapshotV3 {
345        type Error = Error;
346
347        fn try_from(s: Snapshot) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
348            let row_range = s.row_range.ok_or_else(|| {
349                Error::new(
350                    crate::ErrorKind::DataInvalid,
351                    "v3 Snapshots must have first-row-id and rows-added fields set.".to_string(),
352                )
353            })?;
354
355            Ok(SnapshotV3 {
356                snapshot_id: s.snapshot_id,
357                parent_snapshot_id: s.parent_snapshot_id,
358                sequence_number: s.sequence_number,
359                timestamp_ms: s.timestamp_ms,
360                manifest_list: s.manifest_list,
361                summary: s.summary,
362                schema_id: s.schema_id,
363                first_row_id: row_range.first_row_id,
364                added_rows: row_range.added_rows,
365                key_id: s.encryption_key_id,
366            })
367        }
368    }
369
370    impl From<SnapshotV2> for Snapshot {
371        fn from(v2: SnapshotV2) -> Self {
372            Snapshot {
373                snapshot_id: v2.snapshot_id,
374                parent_snapshot_id: v2.parent_snapshot_id,
375                sequence_number: v2.sequence_number,
376                timestamp_ms: v2.timestamp_ms,
377                manifest_list: v2.manifest_list,
378                summary: v2.summary,
379                schema_id: v2.schema_id,
380                encryption_key_id: None,
381                row_range: None,
382            }
383        }
384    }
385
386    impl From<Snapshot> for SnapshotV2 {
387        fn from(v2: Snapshot) -> Self {
388            SnapshotV2 {
389                snapshot_id: v2.snapshot_id,
390                parent_snapshot_id: v2.parent_snapshot_id,
391                sequence_number: v2.sequence_number,
392                timestamp_ms: v2.timestamp_ms,
393                manifest_list: v2.manifest_list,
394                summary: v2.summary,
395                schema_id: v2.schema_id,
396            }
397        }
398    }
399
400    impl TryFrom<SnapshotV1> for Snapshot {
401        type Error = Error;
402
403        fn try_from(v1: SnapshotV1) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
404            Ok(Snapshot {
405                snapshot_id: v1.snapshot_id,
406                parent_snapshot_id: v1.parent_snapshot_id,
407                sequence_number: 0,
408                timestamp_ms: v1.timestamp_ms,
409                manifest_list: match (v1.manifest_list, v1.manifests) {
410                    (Some(file), None) => file,
411                    (Some(_), Some(_)) => "Invalid v1 snapshot, when manifest list provided, manifest files should be omitted".to_string(),
412                    (None, _) => "Unsupported v1 snapshot, only manifest list is supported".to_string()
413                   },
414                summary: v1.summary.unwrap_or(Summary {
415                    operation: Operation::default(),
416                    additional_properties: HashMap::new(),
417                }),
418                schema_id: v1.schema_id,
419                encryption_key_id: None,
420                row_range: None,
421            })
422        }
423    }
424
425    impl From<Snapshot> for SnapshotV1 {
426        fn from(v2: Snapshot) -> Self {
427            SnapshotV1 {
428                snapshot_id: v2.snapshot_id,
429                parent_snapshot_id: v2.parent_snapshot_id,
430                timestamp_ms: v2.timestamp_ms,
431                manifest_list: Some(v2.manifest_list),
432                summary: Some(v2.summary),
433                schema_id: v2.schema_id,
434                manifests: None,
435            }
436        }
437    }
438}
439
440#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
441#[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
442/// Iceberg tables keep track of branches and tags using snapshot references.
443pub struct SnapshotReference {
444    /// A reference’s snapshot ID. The tagged snapshot or latest snapshot of a branch.
445    pub snapshot_id: i64,
446    #[serde(flatten)]
447    /// Snapshot retention policy
448    pub retention: SnapshotRetention,
449}
450
451impl SnapshotReference {
452    /// Returns true if the snapshot reference is a branch.
453    pub fn is_branch(&self) -> bool {
454        matches!(self.retention, SnapshotRetention::Branch { .. })
455    }
456}
457
458impl SnapshotReference {
459    /// Create new snapshot reference
460    pub fn new(snapshot_id: i64, retention: SnapshotRetention) -> Self {
461        SnapshotReference {
462            snapshot_id,
463            retention,
464        }
465    }
466}
467
468#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
469#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase", tag = "type")]
470/// The snapshot expiration procedure removes snapshots from table metadata and applies the table’s retention policy.
471pub enum SnapshotRetention {
472    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
473    /// Branches are mutable named references that can be updated by committing a new snapshot as
474    /// the branch’s referenced snapshot using the Commit Conflict Resolution and Retry procedures.
475    Branch {
476        /// A positive number for the minimum number of snapshots to keep in a branch while expiring snapshots.
477        /// Defaults to table property history.expire.min-snapshots-to-keep.
478        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
479        min_snapshots_to_keep: Option<i32>,
480        /// A positive number for the max age of snapshots to keep when expiring, including the latest snapshot.
481        /// Defaults to table property history.expire.max-snapshot-age-ms.
482        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
483        max_snapshot_age_ms: Option<i64>,
484        /// For snapshot references except the main branch, a positive number for the max age of the snapshot reference to keep while expiring snapshots.
485        /// Defaults to table property history.expire.max-ref-age-ms. The main branch never expires.
486        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
487        max_ref_age_ms: Option<i64>,
488    },
489    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
490    /// Tags are labels for individual snapshots.
491    Tag {
492        /// For snapshot references except the main branch, a positive number for the max age of the snapshot reference to keep while expiring snapshots.
493        /// Defaults to table property history.expire.max-ref-age-ms. The main branch never expires.
494        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
495        max_ref_age_ms: Option<i64>,
496    },
497}
498
499impl SnapshotRetention {
500    /// Create a new branch retention policy
501    pub fn branch(
502        min_snapshots_to_keep: Option<i32>,
503        max_snapshot_age_ms: Option<i64>,
504        max_ref_age_ms: Option<i64>,
505    ) -> Self {
506        SnapshotRetention::Branch {
507            min_snapshots_to_keep,
508            max_snapshot_age_ms,
509            max_ref_age_ms,
510        }
511    }
512}
513
514#[cfg(test)]
515mod tests {
516    use std::collections::HashMap;
517
518    use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
519
520    use crate::spec::snapshot::_serde::SnapshotV1;
521    use crate::spec::snapshot::{Operation, Snapshot, Summary};
522
523    #[test]
524    fn schema() {
525        let record = r#"
526        {
527            "snapshot-id": 3051729675574597004,
528            "timestamp-ms": 1515100955770,
529            "summary": {
530                "operation": "append"
531            },
532            "manifest-list": "s3://b/wh/.../s1.avro",
533            "schema-id": 0
534        }
535        "#;
536
537        let result: Snapshot = serde_json::from_str::<SnapshotV1>(record)
538            .unwrap()
539            .try_into()
540            .unwrap();
541        assert_eq!(3051729675574597004, result.snapshot_id());
542        assert_eq!(
543            Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(1515100955770).unwrap(),
544            result.timestamp().unwrap()
545        );
546        assert_eq!(1515100955770, result.timestamp_ms());
547        assert_eq!(
548            Summary {
549                operation: Operation::Append,
550                additional_properties: HashMap::new()
551            },
552            *result.summary()
553        );
554        assert_eq!("s3://b/wh/.../s1.avro".to_string(), *result.manifest_list());
555    }
556
557    #[test]
558    fn test_snapshot_v1_to_v2_projection() {
559        use crate::spec::snapshot::_serde::SnapshotV1;
560
561        // Create a V1 snapshot (without sequence-number field)
562        let v1_snapshot = SnapshotV1 {
563            snapshot_id: 1234567890,
564            parent_snapshot_id: Some(987654321),
565            timestamp_ms: 1515100955770,
566            manifest_list: Some("s3://bucket/manifest-list.avro".to_string()),
567            manifests: None, // V1 can have either manifest_list or manifests, but not both
568            summary: Some(Summary {
569                operation: Operation::Append,
570                additional_properties: HashMap::from([
571                    ("added-files".to_string(), "5".to_string()),
572                    ("added-records".to_string(), "100".to_string()),
573                ]),
574            }),
575            schema_id: Some(1),
576        };
577
578        // Convert V1 to V2 - this should apply defaults for missing V2 fields
579        let v2_snapshot: Snapshot = v1_snapshot.try_into().unwrap();
580
581        // Verify V1→V2 projection defaults are applied correctly
582        assert_eq!(
583            v2_snapshot.sequence_number(),
584            0,
585            "V1 snapshot sequence_number should default to 0"
586        );
587
588        // Verify other fields are preserved correctly during conversion
589        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.snapshot_id(), 1234567890);
590        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.parent_snapshot_id(), Some(987654321));
591        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.timestamp_ms(), 1515100955770);
592        assert_eq!(
593            v2_snapshot.manifest_list(),
594            "s3://bucket/manifest-list.avro"
595        );
596        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.schema_id(), Some(1));
597        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.summary().operation, Operation::Append);
598        assert_eq!(
599            v2_snapshot
600                .summary()
601                .additional_properties
602                .get("added-files"),
603            Some(&"5".to_string())
604        );
605    }
606
607    #[test]
608    fn test_snapshot_v1_to_v2_with_missing_summary() {
609        use crate::spec::snapshot::_serde::SnapshotV1;
610
611        // Create a V1 snapshot without summary (should get default)
612        let v1_snapshot = SnapshotV1 {
613            snapshot_id: 1111111111,
614            parent_snapshot_id: None,
615            timestamp_ms: 1515100955770,
616            manifest_list: Some("s3://bucket/manifest-list.avro".to_string()),
617            manifests: None,
618            summary: None, // V1 summary is optional
619            schema_id: None,
620        };
621
622        // Convert V1 to V2 - this should apply default summary
623        let v2_snapshot: Snapshot = v1_snapshot.try_into().unwrap();
624
625        // Verify defaults are applied correctly
626        assert_eq!(
627            v2_snapshot.sequence_number(),
628            0,
629            "V1 snapshot sequence_number should default to 0"
630        );
631        assert_eq!(
632            v2_snapshot.summary().operation,
633            Operation::Append,
634            "Missing V1 summary should default to Append operation"
635        );
636        assert!(
637            v2_snapshot.summary().additional_properties.is_empty(),
638            "Default summary should have empty additional_properties"
639        );
640
641        // Verify other fields
642        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.snapshot_id(), 1111111111);
643        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.parent_snapshot_id(), None);
644        assert_eq!(v2_snapshot.schema_id(), None);
645    }
646}
iceberg/spec/snapshot.rs

iceberg/spec/
snapshot.rs
